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Background: A 5-day course of nirmatrelvir-ritonavir (N/R) can significantly reduce the hospitalization and death rates and the duration of infectiousness in high-risk SARS-CoV-2 patients. However, in a fraction of treated individuals virus rebounds following an initial recovery after treatment. The mechanism driving rebound is not well understood. We hypothesize that treatment with N/R near the time of symptom onset halts the depletion of target cells, but does not fully eliminate the virus, and thus can lead to viral rebound. Method(s): Previously, we and others have developed viral dynamic models and successfully used them to fit data on SARS-CoV-2 infection. Here we expand these models and incorporate N/R pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects and an adaptive immune response. Result(s): We fit this model to the data presented in Charness et al., NEJM (2022) where longitudinal quantitative PCR data is available for 3 individuals who experienced viral rebounds after taking N/R. We found that the model fit the data well. By varying model parameters from their best-fit values, we show the occurrence of viral rebound is sensitive to model parameters, and the time treatment is initiated, which may explain why only a fraction of individuals rebound. Finally, the model with its best-fit parameter values was used to test the therapeutic effects of treatment extended to 10 days or a second 5-day course of N/R initiated one day after symptoms reoccur. Conclusion(s): Our model fits predicted that virus is not fully eliminated during N/R treatment and supported our initial hypothesis that at the end of treatment target cells are available to allow viral resurgence. Simulating the effect of starting treatment later, we find the probability of viral rebound occurring decreases, suggesting that delaying treatment may be a strategy to reduce viral rebound. However, N/R treatment accelerates viral clearance and hence potentially can reduce viral transmission. Thus, delaying treatment may have a detrimental effect on public health and could also have impact on the severity of disease in the high-risk patients for whom N/R is recommended. Increasing treatment from 5 to 10 days continues to preserve target cells and thus may still allow viral rebound if viable virus is present at the end of treatment and sufficient adaptive immunity has not developed. Simulating giving a second course of treatment one day after symptoms reappear, did not prevent rebound.
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The simultaneous detection and specific identification of multiple pathogens from patients exhibiting respiratory symptoms is important for directing pathogen-specific treatments. The ePlex Respiratory Pathogen Panel 2 (ePlex RP2 panel) is a multiplex molecular test for the qualitative detection of many viral and bacterial pathogens including SARS-CoV-2 in respiratory tract infections. The ePlex RP2 panel received FDA emergency use authorization for nasopharyngeal swab specimens collected in viral transport media. In the evaluation using the ePlex RP2, a total of 67 nasopharyngeal swab specimens were compared to the ePlex RP panel and the CDC 2019-nCoV Real-Time RT-PCR assay as the reference methods. The overall agreement of the ePlex RP2 panel was 100%. The ePlex RP2 panel could detect Omicron BA1 and BA2. The ePlex RP2 panel is a rapid, sensitive and specific "specimen-to-answer" platform to detect simultaneously multiple viruses and bacteria in the upper respiratory tract.Copyright © 2022 The Authors
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Based upon an extended Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), this study aims to investigate the factors influencing the behavioral intention to adopt Fintech from the perspective of Indonesian women. The research data were collected from 409 Indonesian female respondents and analyzed using the SEMinR statistical data analysis tool. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to assess this research's measurement model and structural model. The result shows that perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, user innovativeness, attitude, trust, and brand image significantly positively impact behavioral intention to adopt Fintech among Indonesian women. Meanwhile, perceived ease of use, financial literacy, and government support are found to have indirect relationships with behavioral intention. In addition, moderation analysis revealed that the saving habits of women during the COVID-19 pandemic reduced the relationship between their innovativeness and behavioral intention to adopt Fintech. Based on these results, we recommend practical suggestions to the government, policymakers, and aspiring Fintech service providers further to enhance women's empowerment through digital financial inclusion. © 2023, The Author(s).
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The COVID-19 outbreak dealt a severe blow to the global economy, especially to the airline industry, due to worldwide lockdown measures implemented by the authorities. This paper aims to investigate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the airline stock performance of seven markets in Asia and three other markets in Australia, Germany and the United States. The data is collected from 42 airline firms from 2019 to 2020. The research outcomes indicate that: (a) COVID-19 only temporarily impacts stock returns;(b) Market values plunge immediately after the first confirmed case, and it still shows no evidence of returning to the price levels before the outbreak;(c) COVID-19 has a significant impact on stock volatility;(d) Most stocks do not illustrate any higher exposure to systematic risks. © 2022, University of Economics and Human Sciences in Warsaw. All rights reserved.
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The shift to emergency remote teaching during the COVID-19 pandemic has further revealed a range of issues related to technology-enhanced learning (TEL). Among these were educators' lack of prior exposure to more creative and participatory forms of TEL in credential coursework and professional development. To address the new realities of schooling, we must first understand the TEL practices that aspiring teachers have had in their teacher education courses. This study examined the TEL practices of aspiring teachers within and beyond their educational coursework prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as their perceived degree of proficiency with these practices. Our survey research found that participants reported more experience and proficiency with TEL practices involving consumption-based and transactional modes of learning, and less experience and proficiency with practices related to creativity, collaboration, and knowledge generation. We discuss how these findings suggest improvements for credentialing programs in the area of TEL.
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The world is going through a global health crisis known as the Covid-19 pandemic. Currently, the outbreak is still evolving in a complicated way with a high spreading speed and new variants appearing constantly. RT-PCR test is preferred to test a patient infected with Covid-19. However, this method depends on many factors such as the time of specimen collection and preservation procedure. The cost to perform the RT-PCR test is quite high and requires a system of specialized machinery for sample analysis. Using deep learning techniques on medial images provides promising results with high accuracy with recent technological advancements. In this study, we propose a deep learning method based on CasCade R-CNN ResNet-101 and CasCade R-CNN EfficientNet in a big data processing environment that accelerates the detection of Covid-19 infections on chest X-rays. Chest X-ray can quickly be performed in most medical facilities and provides important information in detecting suspected Covid-19 cases in an inexpensive way. Experimental results show that the classification of lung lesions infected with Covid-19 has an accuracy of 96% and mAP of 99%. This method effectively supports doctors to have more basis to identify patients infected with Covid-19 for timely treatment. © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
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We offered blended learning models for high schools in Nam Dinh province to satisfy Vietnam's new criteria. These models were based on general approaches to issues, theoretical research, and field research based on surveys and anket questionnaires conducted throughout the area. The results of a survey demonstrate that high school teachers in Nam Dinh have gained a fundamental grasp of blended learning and have, in practice, embraced both online and face-to-face instruction, particularly during the height of the Covid-19 outbreak. However, there was not a standard model for blended learning, therefore it was only used by a few persons. In other contexts, the concept of "blended learning" referred to what was effectively a face-to-face session that was broadcast over the Internet without the necessary adjustments being made to the content, methodology, or evaluation. As a result, we offer a number of different ways to blended learning for high schools in Nam Dinh in order to improve the quality of education provided throughout the province.
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With the development of the Internet, social networks and different communication channels, people can get information quickly and easily. However, in addition to real and useful news, we also receive false and unreal information. The problem of fake news has become a difficult and unresolved issue. For languages with few users, such as Vietnamese, the research on fake news detection is still very limited and has not received much attention. In this paper, we present research results on building a tool to support fake news detection for Vietnamese. Our idea is to apply text classification techniques to fake news detection. We have built a database of 4 groups of 2 topics about politics (fake news and real news) and about Covid-19 (fake news and real news). Then use deep learning techniques CNN (Convolutional Neural Network) and RNN (Recurrent Neural Network) to create the corresponding models. When there is new news that needs to be verified, we just need to apply the classification to see which of the four groups they label into to decide whether it is fake news or not. The tool was able to detect fake news quickly and easily with a correct rate of about 85 %. This result will be improved when getting a larger training data set and adjusting the parameters for the machine learning model. These results make an important contribution to the research on detecting fake news for Vietnamese and can be applied to other languages. In the future, besides using classification techniques (based on content analysis), we can combine many other methods such as checking the source, verifying the author's information, checking the distribution process to improve the quality of fake news detection © 2022, Authors. This is an open access article under the Creative Commons CC BY license
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Purpose: To report final results of a clinical trial of APBI using intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) to deliver 27 Gy in 5 daily fractions following breast conserving surgery (BCS) prospectively designed to assess the efficacy and cosmetic outcomes of a oneweek, APBI regimen among women with early breast cancer. Material(s) and Method(s): Women >= 50 years, with lymph nodenegative, ER positive, HER-2 negative breast cancer or ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), <= 3cm diameter, following BCS with margins >= 2mm, and excellent or good baseline cosmesis received 27 Gy in 5 daily fractions to the seroma plus 1 cm CTV and 0.7 cm PTV margins. Clinical photographs, patient and provider cosmetic scores, breast fibrosis, telangiectasia and pain were collected prospectively, prior to RT and at 6 weeks, 1 and 2 years after RT. The primary endpoint was the proportion of women who retained Excellent or Good cosmesis at 2 years using the EORTC Cosmetic Rating System. Cosmetic failure was deterioration from Excellent or Good to Fair or Poor. A panel of 5 radiation oncologists independently assessed the cosmetic photographs. Secondary endpoints were rates and grades of breast fibrosis, telangiectasia, breast pain, ipsilateral breast tumour recurrence (IBRT), overall (OS), breast cancer-specific survival (BCSS) and subsequent mastectomy. Efficacy outcomes were assessed at clinic visits and by review of charts. ClinicalTrials.gov registration: NCT02681107. Result(s): A total of 298 patients were treated between April 25, 2016, and October 31, 2019. At a median follow-up of 48 months, the four-year OS was 98.5% (95% CI 96.1% - 99.5%) and BCSS was 99.7% (95% CI 97.6% - 99.9%). The four-year IBRT rate was 3.3% (95% CI 1.1% - 6.4%). There were 10 contralateral breast events for a four-year rate of 3.9% (95% CI 2.2% - 6.9%). There were 10 ipsilateral and six contralateral mastectomies. Two patients died of unrelated causes prior to two years;79 patients declined inclinic attendance due to COVID or competing comorbidities and 217 women had two-year cosmetic photographs and clinical assessments performed. Consensus of the photo-panel cosmesis at baseline was: Excellent: n=116 (53%), Good: n=102 (47%), Fair: n=1 (0.5%) and Poor: n=0. Consensus overall cosmesis at two years was: Excellent: n= 141 (65%), Good: n=78 (35%), Fair: n=0 and Poor: n=0. Most patients had either improved (n=168;77%) or no change (n=43;20%) in cosmesis at two years. No patient had cosmetic failure but 6 (3%) had a change from Excellent to Good at two years. Most patients reported either no (79%) or mild (21%) pain, with no moderate or severe pain. Two patients (0.9%) had Grade 2 fibrosis and five patients (2%) had visible telangiectasia that did not detract from overall cosmesis. Conclusion(s): APBI using 27 Gy in 5 fractions using a conformal IMRT technique, achieved excellent two-year cosmesis with minimal toxicity. The IBRT risk was comparable to the contralateral new breast cancer risk and to local recurrence rates of recently published early breast cancer trials. Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC-BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
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Due to the complex nature of a pandemic such as COVID-19, forecasting how it would behave is difficult, but it is indeed of utmost necessity. Furthermore, adapting predictive models to different data sets obtained from different countries and areas is necessary, as it can provide a wider view of the global pandemic situation and more information on how models can be improved. Therefore, we combine here the long-short-term memory (LSTM) model and the traditional susceptible-infected-recovered-deceased (SIRD) model for the COVID-19 prediction task in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. In particular, LSTM shows its strength in processing and making accurate numerical predictions on a large set of historical input. Following the SIRD model, the whole population is divided into 4 states (S), (I), (R), and (D), and the changes from one state to another are governed by a parameter set. By assessing the numerical output and the corresponding parameter set, we could reveal more insights about the root causes of the changes. The predictive model updates every 10 days to produce an output that is closest to reality. In general, such a combination delivers transparent, accurate, and up-to-date predictions for human experts, which is important for research on COVID-19. © 2022 Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science. All rights reserved.
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To report final results of a clinical trial of APBI using intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) to deliver 27 Gy in 5 daily fractions following breast conserving surgery (BCS) prospectively designed to assess the efficacy and cosmetic outcomes of a 1-week, APBI regimen among women with early breast cancer. Women ≥ 50 years, with lymph node-negative, ER positive, HER-2 negative breast cancer or ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), ≤ 3cm diameter, following BCS with margins ≥ 2mm, and excellent or good baseline cosmesis received 27 Gy in 5 daily fractions to the seroma plus 1 cm CTV and 0.7 cm PTV margins. Clinical photographs, patient and provider cosmetic scores, breast fibrosis, telangiectasia and pain were collected prospectively, prior to RT and at 6 weeks, 1 and 2 years after RT. The primary endpoint was the proportion of women who retained Excellent or Good cosmesis at 2 years using the EORTC Cosmetic Rating System. Cosmetic failure was deterioration from Excellent or Good to Fair or Poor. A panel of 5 radiation oncologists independently assessed the cosmetic photographs. Secondary endpoints were rates and grades of breast fibrosis, telangiectasia, breast pain, ipsilateral breast tumor recurrence (IBRT), overall (OS), breast cancer-specific survival (BCSS) and subsequent mastectomy. Efficacy outcomes were assessed at clinic visits and by review of charts. ClinicalTrials.gov registration: NCT02681107. A total of 298 patients were treated between April 25, 2016, and October 31, 2019. At a median follow up of 48 months, the 4-year OS was 98.5% (95% CI 96.1% - 99.5%) and BCSS was 99.7% (95% CI 97.6% - 99.9%). The 4-year IBRT rate was 3.3% (95% CI 1.1% - 6.4%). There were 10 contralateral breast events for a 4-year rate of 3.9% (95% CI 2.2% - 6.9%). There were 10 ipsilateral and 6 contralateral mastectomies. Two patients died of unrelated causes prior to 2 years;79 patients declined in-clinic attendance due to COVID or competing comorbidities and 217 women had 2-year cosmetic photographs and clinical assessments performed. Consensus of the photo-panel cosmesis at baseline was: Excellent: n=116 (53%), Good: n=102 (47%), Fair: n=1 (0.5%) and Poor: n=0. Consensus overall cosmesis at 2 years was: Excellent: n= 141 (65%), Good: n=78 (35%), Fair: n=0 and Poor: n=0. Most patients had either improved (n=168;77%) or no change (n=43;20%) in cosmesis at 2-years. No patient had cosmetic failure but 6 (3%) had a change from Excellent to Good at 2 years. Most patients reported either no (79%) or mild (21%) pain, with no moderate or severe pain. Two patients (0.9%) had grade 2 fibrosis and 5 patients (2%) had visible telangiectasia that did not detract from overall cosmesis. APBI using 27 Gy in 5 fractions using a conformal IMRT technique, achieved excellent 2-year cosmesis with minimal toxicity. The IBRT risk was comparable to the contralateral new breast cancer risk and to local recurrence rates of recently published early breast cancer trials. [ FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics is the property of Pergamon Press - An Imprint of Elsevier Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full . (Copyright applies to all s.)
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Over the past twenty years, using learning management systems in higher education has attracted increasing interest from researchers around the globe. In this context, the current study aimed to explore the volume, growth trajectory, and geographic distribution of learning management systems in higher education literature, along with identifying impactful authors, sources, and publications, and highlight emerging research issues. The authors conducted bibliometric analysis on 1334 documents, related to the use of learning management systems in the context of higher education, extracted from Scopus database. The findings show a rapidly growing knowledge base on learning management systems in higher education, especially intensely in the years 2015-2020 and primarily from research in developed societies. This flourishing is consistent with the development trend of international education and the strong development of technology. In addition, the core literature was identified based on the volume of publications and citations. The results also reveal the emerging intellectual structure of the field and provide points of reference for scholars studying the discipline. This paper offers a knowledge map for future research assessments of learning management systems in higher education. Practitioner Notes 1. To promote internationalization in education and to cope with the Covid-19 pandemic, learning management systems are required in the higher education context. 2. This paper represents an example of conducting bibliometric analysis to provide an overview and development of research literature. 3. The intellectual structure in research on Learning management systems includes earning engagement and motivation, technology acceptance, educational data mining, web-supported course, and engineering education. 4. Research keywords in the topic received significant interest in the field are "learning analytic", "unified theory of acceptance and use of technology", "flipped classroom", and "gamification". 5. Learning management systems need to be researched and developed to meet the diverse needs of education, instructors and students, rather than being limited as a management tool.
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Purpose of Study Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, we initiated a randomized clinical trial for childhood obesity. The trial consented 131 and randomized 104;6-12 year old patients who reside in rural regions in 4 member states (DE, NE, SC, and WV) of the ECHO IDeA States Pediatric Clinical Trials Network (ISPCTN) Approximately 6 weeks into the 10-week recruitment period, the trial was forced to pause all study activity due to the COVID-19 pandemic. This pause necessitated a substantial revision in recruitment and study methods to using virtual procedures. This descriptive paper outlines ways to recruit and manage clinical trial participants using technology to obtain informed consent, obtain height and weight measurements by video, and maintain participant engagement throughout the duration of the trial. Methods Used We reviewed multiple data sources to describe the transition to virtual study procedures. These include research electronic data capture (REDCap) surveys conducted both during the pause and at the completion of the study to identify readiness for each site to conduct virtual recruitment and other study procedures as well as at the end of the study to identify issues that each site encountered during the virtual phase of the project. We also reviewed meeting notes and study enrollment figures. Summary of Results The IRB approved study changes allowed for variability between clinical sites in terms of virtual communication platforms and methods for participant consent and height/weight assessment. Identified advantages of the study included ability to conduct visits during all times of the day or evening, and reduced travel requirements. Challenges included poor Internet reliability in some rural areas;additional participant contacts for consent and eligibility screening;shipping delays of materials;reliance on family to perform height and weight measures;increased costs for materials and shipping. Despite the added challenges, all sites were able to meet the study enrollment objectives. Flexibility was key in implementation of virtual procedures given the variations in site resources. Conclusions While each study site had certain challenges unique to their location during the pandemic, we also identified several common issues with the transition to remote procedures. Lessons learned from this study can assist other study groups in navigating challenges, especially when recruiting and implementing studies with a difficult to reach rural and underserved populations or during challenging events like the pandemic.
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Background: In-person cooking classes can improve the dietary behaviors of children with obesity. With the COVID-19 pandemic, our pediatric weight management clinic was forced to change our in-person cooking classes to a telehealth format. This quality improvement (QI) project aimed to improve dietary behaviors and family satisfaction with telehealth cooking classes. Methods: Families were recruited from a pediatric weight management clinic to participate in weekly dietitian-led cooking classes using a telehealth platform for 3 weeks. Families completed an electronic survey after each class. Changes were made to the cooking class format after each cycle (for a total of 3 QI cycles) based on survey results, including providing recipes in advance, increasing the amount of nutrition education provided, and encouraging use of the chat feature. Results: 12 children (ages 9-16, 83% female, 17% Black, 17% Hispanic, 58% obesity, 42% severe obesity, 50% public insurance) participated in the cooking classes. 24 total surveys were completed, with only 1 indicating that the class was unhelpful and only 2 indicating that it was difficult to meet online. 9 families reported that telehealth and in-person cooking classes were comparable and 3 families (all from cycle 3) reported that they preferred the telehealth format. Families commented on the convenience and comfort of the telehealth format. There was an increase in the number of days per week the child helped plan a meal across all cycles (mean increase of 1.6 days). However, cycle 3 was the only cycle where there were improvements in all dietary behaviors assessed, including number of days that the family prepared and planned a meal, ate together, and ate fresh food (mean increase of 2.3-3.7 days per week). Conclusions: Telehealth cooking classes are a good substitution to in-person cooking classes and can improve child dietary behaviors with enhanced interactivity.
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Purpose: Southern CA is at the epicenter of the Covid-19 pandemic. We reviewed outcomes of our center's liver, kidney, and pancreas transplant patients stricken with Covid-19 infection. Methods: Retrospective review of 161 post-transplant patients with Covid-19 infection. Results: From March 2020 to January 2021, 43 liver, 107 kidney, 6 liver/kidney, and 4 kidney/pancreas patients came down with Covid-19 (TABLE). Transplants were performed from August 2000 to December 2020. Mean age was 54±1 yrs. Median time of infection was 27 months post-transplant (range 15 days to 21 years). Frequency of symptoms were: shortness of breath (55%), fever (52%), muscle aches (48%), diarrhea (36%), headaches (34%), loss of taste or smell (27%). Only 10 (6%) pts were asymptomatic. Overall mortality rate was 20% (33/161) and severe Covid-19 (hospitalization and death) occurred in 90/161 (56%) patients. Mortality risk factors included older age (62±2 vs 52±1 yrs, p<0.01), hospitalization (32/33, 97% vs 59/128, 46% p<0.01), mechanical ventilation (30/33, 91% vs 4/128, 3% p<0.01);there was no difference in gender (p=0.5), race (p=0.88), presence of diabetes (p=0.26), hypertension (p=0.06), or obesity (p=0.83). Liver/kidney recipients had the highest mortality rate (Table). Risk factors for severe Covid-19 included age (56±1 vs 51±2 yrs, P=0.01) and presence of diabetes (54/90, 60% vs 29/71, 41% p=0.02);there was no difference in gender (p=0.97), race (p=0.39), presence of hypertension (p=0.09), or obesity (p=0.82). Kidney patients had more severe Covid-19 than the other organ recipients. Kidney/pancreas patients were younger and tended to have mild infection and had no mortality. 156 (97%) patients were on tacrolimus (2 were on CyA, 2 on belatacept), 113 (70%) on MMF, and 127 (79%) on prednisone. 101 (63%) of patients were on triple immunosuppression. MMF was the most common agent to be adjusted (48/113, 42%) followed by tacrolimus (9/156, 6%). Of the 90 pts hospitalized, 70 (78%) received steroids, 30 (33%) received Remdesivir, and 53 (59%) were anticoagulated. 5 patients received convalescent plasma. Peak C-reactive protein levels when measured were significantly higher in patients who died (53.7±15.8 vs 19.8±5.3 mg/L, p=0.02). Conclusions: Covid-19 infection inflicts a high mortality rate in liver, kidney, and pancreas transplant recipients. (Table Presented).
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This chapter examines Vietnam’s campaign against Covid-19. When the coronavirus outbreak emerged in the Chinese city of Wuhan, the government of Vietnam considered it a highly contagious disease and immediately implemented all necessary measures to protect people from the emerging pandemic, even if these strict measures resulted in massive economic losses. The chapter then introduces the regulatory framework which enabled the government and other non-state actors in Vietnam to fight the epidemic effectively. It also discusses how Vietnam contained the spread of the virus in practice from the perspectives of health and medical policy, information and technology, economic policy, and international cooperation. Ultimately, Vietnam’s unique response derives from four factors: (1) the policy that prioritized public health over economic considerations;(2) Vietnam’s having been well prepared for dealing with contagious diseases since the SARS outbreak in 2003 and the government immediately introducing strict measures to prevent the spread of Covid-19 when it emerged in China;(3) the legal framework specifying the roles of the central and local governments to avoid any bureaucratic delays in making decisions in an epidemic;and (4) the government flexibly combining coercive means with deliberate action, public education, effective governance, and effective coordination with the community and the private sector. © the several contributors 2021.
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Online social networks such as Facebook and Twitter have become part of our daily lives. Their influence on business, politics, and society is considerable. Sensitive or unreliable information can adversely affect individuals, organizations, and governments. Due to the effects of the Covid-19 epidemic, online news is more plentiful and accessible, which raises concerns about its reliability, quality, and authenticity. This article proposes the use of population dynamics model to study information dissemination on Facebook and a Susceptible-Infected-Recovered (SIR) model to examine information propagation as an outbreak of disease. We investigated 27 datasets with more than 270,000 messages, and the experiments showed that the population dynamics model is suitable for modeling the spread of information. The results revealed that information propagation could occur rapidly;after only 1–2 days. Additionally, we discovered that it is very crucial to find immediate solutions for preventing fake information as soon as it appears. This work enables us to understand the mechanism of information dissemination on social networks. This can help control and prevent the spread of misleading information, avoiding unintended consequences. © 2021 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.